As
it was with the battlefield of Simbach, I had the chance to walk over the
landscape of the great siege of Freiburg. Therefore I decided to write about it
and I hope that this topic is even more exciting for you, as we have the 275th
anniversary of the battle (no great attention in Freiburg today nevertheless).
275
years passed since the great siege of Freiburg in autumn 1744. Fortunately this
particular siege was viewed as one of the major events of the 1744-campaign in
Germany. Therefor a big part of Porges and Rebrachas very detailed work about
the War of the Austrian Succession is dedicated to Freiburg[1]. But
there are many contemporary accounts printed during the mid 18th
century too like “Campagne de Monsieur le Maréchal Duc de Coigny en Allemagne”
including many letters and statistics[2]. A
really impressive number of maps and other pictures of this and other sieges of
Freiburg and the fortress were published in 1988 as one volume of two about the
fortress and city[3].
This book is really recommended to get an impression of the actions in 1744.
| A map of the Fort St Pierre on a plaque at the fortress. |
I’m
so fortunate to look at the remnants of the fortress of Freiburg every morning
looking out of the window of our living room. It’s really inspiring for
somebody who has an interest in military history. When Alex Burns asked me to
write a short guest post I thought about all the remnants of the fortress still
visible today and spend a day with my kids walking over the Schlossberg. Besides
I was reading a biography about De la Metterie, one of Fredericks closest
philosophers and drinking buddies, who suffered a lot from a fever during the
siege of Freiburg, where he was present as an intimate of the Duc de Gramont
(1689-1745) and as a doctor of the guards[4].
But
let us commence more chronical.
The
French army followed the Austrian troops under prince Charles of Lorraine and
FM Traun when they had to march east to deal with Frederick II attempt to join
the war again. The French commanded by Noailles and Coigny tried to attack the
Austrians crossing the river Rhine but where thrown back by the Austrian
rearguard at Auenheim and Suffelnheim at August 23th 1744. This fail reduced
the French plans to catch the Austrian main army. Frederick II justly blamed
Coigny and Noailles for their poor leadership at Auenheim. To get one objective
for the rest of the campaigning season at least the Austrians began to encircle
in September 1744 the city of Freiburg.
Some days later the French commanders send Belle-Isle with significant
troops to Rheinfelden, Konstanz and later even to Bregenz to occupy these
towns. After some easy success the French were humiliated during their attempt
to invade Vorarlberg by local Austrian militias[5].
The
militia in Vorderösterreich (Further Austria) were formerly very similar like
the strong militia of Vorarlberg and sometimes organized by the same
administration. In the 17th century Further Austria assembled the
men from 16 to 40 years old in 8 “Landfahnen” (banners). But since 1734 2
“Landfahnen” only remained. One of them, the “Hauensteiner Fahne”, had 906 men
in 4 platoons. These relicts of the old militia were commanded by a baron
Grammond (not to be mixed up with the French duke of the similar name!), who
reinforced the garrison of Freiburg in 1733/34 and was again in Freiburg in
1744[6]. These
troops naturally were not fit to fight regulars. But they were used as workers
on the fortifications and should stock the old “Linien” (lines of
fortifications) all over the Black Forest, when they first were built during
the War of the Spanish Succession[7].
Though the militia of Further Austria was weak in numbers compared with the
size of the territory (bigger than Wurttemberg for example!), the corporative
recruitments were of no great significance too. Further Austria and Vorarlberg
together had to put forward 1.500 men for the regular Austrian army in 1744.
Most of them were infantry serving in the regiment Brandenburg-Bayreuth (IR 41)[8].
|
A view from the Fort St Pierre at the town – one can
imagine how easily the Austrians could shoot at the French in 1713 from this
Position. The Kaiserstuhl lies in the background.
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